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C. ANSWER IN BRIEF.
1. What valuable objects were carried away by Nadir Shah?
Ans: The invasions of Nadir Shah, the ruler of Persia (Iran), and Ahmad Shah Abdali, the ruler of Afghanistan, shattered the power and prestige of the Mughals. Nadir Shah looted and plundered(stolen) Delhi and carried away valuable treasures, including the priceless Kohinoor Diamond and the Peacock Throne. Ahmad Shad Abdali plundered northern India repeatedly.
2. Name any two later Mughals.
Ans: The rulers which succeeded Aurangzeb are known as the ‘Later Mughals’. The first of ‘later Mughals’ was Bahadur Shah and the last Mughal ruler was Bahadur Shah Zafar. The Later Mughals were not able to maintain the strength of the empire after the death of Aurangzeb.
3. Name any two regional kingdoms that emerged after the decline of the Mughal empire.
Ans: Successor states like Hyderabad, Awadh, and Bengal which were part of the Mughal empire and emerged due to the disintegration of the Mughal empire.
4. Name the different groups of nobles present in the Mughal court?
Ans: There were four groups of nobles in the Mughal court:
- Iranis (came from Persia or modern Iran)
- Taranis (Hailed from Transoxiana)
- Afghans (came from Afghanistan), and.
- Hindustani (from India)
5. The Rajput states of Jodhpur, Jaipur, and Udaipur were known by what names?
Ans: The principal Rajput States or Provinces were Mewar (Udaipur) Marwar (Jodhpur) and Amber (Jaipur) who were alienated from the Mughal Empire due to the religious and administrative policies of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb .
D. ANSWER IN DETAIL
1. Write a short note on the role of Aurangzeb in the decline of the Mughal empire?
Ans:
1. Weak Successors:
2. Degeneration of the Mughal Nobility:
3. Aurangzeb’s Religious persecution of the Hindus:
4. Demoralization of the Mughal Army:
5. Economic Bankruptcy:
6. Invasions:
7. Size of the Empire and Challenge from Regional Powers:
8. Aurangzeb’s Deccan Policy:
9. The Jagirdari Crisis:
2. what were the drawbacks of the Mughal army?
Ans: During the 18th century, the Mughal army lacked discipline and fighting morale. Lack of finance made it difficult to maintain a large number of army. Its soldiers and officers were not paid for many months, and, since they were mere mercenaries, they were constantly disaffected and often verged on a mutiny.
3. Describe the expansion of the Maratha power under the first three Peshwa?
Ans: Maratha's power reached its zenith under the leadership of the third Peshwa, Balaji Baji Rao. The Marthas claimed Chauth and Sardeshmukhi from all over India by 1752 under the command of Balaji. Balaji interfered in the politics of Delhi and virtually made the Mughal emperor dependent on the Marathas.
4. Which famous battle was lost by the Marathas in 1761? Who was their opponent and what were the consequences of losing this battle?
Ans: The Third Battle of Panipat fought between the Maratha Confederacy and the Durrani Empire on January 14, 1761, resulted in a catastrophic defeat for the Marathas. Yet all accounts of the battle say that from the morning till afternoon, the Marathas were winning and the Afghan right wing had been smashed.
5. Write short notes on Hyder Ali?
Ans: Haider Ali was born in 1727 in Ajmer Rajasthan. His father was an ordinary soldier of the Mysore army named Fateh Muhammad. Haider Ali was the father of the famous Tipu Sultan known as the “Tiger of Mysore”. He had two wives the first wife died after that Tipu was brought up by his second wife named Fatima. He belonged to a foreign family and from the rank of an ordinary soldier, he became the ruler of the Indian state Mysore. He begins his career as a soldier like his other family members but due to his professional skills, he excelled in army ranks. He became a strong commander in chief of the Mysore army fought with many dissidents. After the scuttling situation in Mysore state, the king of state made him commander in chief to handle the deteriorating condition in the state. He organized the army, trained the soldiers on the European model, established peace in the state, and directed the finances. After that, he had to fight internal opposition which he squashed and by pensioning king forcefully he became the undisputed ruler of the Mysore state in 1761. He consolidated his position and turned his efforts towards conquest, he captured Bednur, Sierra, and territories of Malabar. The whole career he had to fight Marathas and the British. Due to his increasing influence, Marathas became insecure and launched many fights against him eventually in 1765 he was defeated by Marathas and had to pay an indemnity of 28 lakhs. British and Nizam also felt uneasy because of his increasing power and initiated several conflicts with Haider Ali on different occasions. In order to counter the British, he sought the help of the French and also helped the French in the Carnatic Wars.
E. Answer in detail.
1. There were many causes for the Revolt of 1857. In this context, explain the following.
a) socio-religious causes
b) economic causes
Answer:
Following were the socio-religious causes of the 1857 rebellion:
- The Company administration had given the Christian missionaries a free run. The sizeable conversions angered Indians and led them to nurture resentment against the British Government.
- Social reform measures of the British, like the abolition of sati and female infanticide, the Widow Remarriage Act, and the promotion of girls’ education angered the conservative section of Hindus. It made them feel that the British were trying to subvert their indigenous cultural moorings.
- The pundits and maulvisfelt that English education would take away their means of livelihood and would ultimately destroy Indian culture.
- The introduction of railways and telegraph was looked upon as a British ploy to keep the Indians under their thumb and suppress any dissent whatsoever against the British.
- The British policy of social discrimination resulted in great resentment among Indians. The British tried to impose their alleged racial superiority on Indians which became a rallying point for the rebels.
Economic Causes:
The British Government restrictions on the import of Indian textiles besides imposing heavy import duties on such goods.
India was forced to export raw materials like raw cotton and raw silk at cheaper rates that the British industries needed urgently; plantation products; and food grains which were in short supply in Britain.
The British Company confiscated the jagirs of many landlords and talukas.
The British traders, after the conquest of Bengal, began to purchase raw material for their industries in England from the surplus revenues of Bengal causing a drain of wealth from India to England.
2. What were the consequences of the Revolt of 1857?
Answer:
The most important consequences of the revolt of 1857 are :
The most important impact of the revolt of 1857 is that the administration of India was transferred from the East India Company to the British Crown.
The queen's proclamation of 1858 announced that the policy of territorial extension was to be abandoned. The native rulers were assured of the safety of their territory, rights, and honor if they cooperated with the British.
The army was re-organized to strengthen British control over the country and avert any further rebellions future. The number of British soldiers was increased.
The revolt of 1857 created a big gap between the different religious communities especially the Hindus and the Muslims as each blamed the other for its failure. Further, a policy of divide and rule was actively pursued to keep the Hindus and Muslims divided.
3. Who was Mangal Pandey? What did he do?
Answer: Mangal Pandey was an army man of the 34th infantry at Barrackpore. When the rumor spread that the British government had introduced greased cartridges containing the fat of cow and pig, he called upon his fellow sepoys to Revolt against the use of new cartridges.
4. State the reason for the discontent among the Indian sepoys?
Answer:
1)low salaries to Indian soldiers.
2)Discrimination against Indian sepoys
3)Have to bite off pig and cow flesh to fill cartilages, against Hindu and Muslim religions
4)made to travel overseas. In those days many people believed that if they crossed the sea they would lose their religion and cast.
5)No high posts or ranks to Indian Sepoys.
2)Discrimination against Indian sepoys
3)Have to bite off pig and cow flesh to fill cartilages, against Hindu and Muslim religions
4)made to travel overseas. In those days many people believed that if they crossed the sea they would lose their religion and cast.
5)No high posts or ranks to Indian Sepoys.
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