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HISTORY CH 6 British Rise To Power

 D. Answer in brief.

1. Who became the governor of Bengal in 1772?

Answer: In 1772, Warren Hastings was appointed as the Governor-General of Fort William in Bengal which ended the title of Governor of Bengal.

2. What was Nana Saheb's grievance against the British?

Answer: The British refused to accept Nana Saheb, the adopted son of the last Peshwa Baji Rao II, as the ruler of the Maratha and was refused to get the pension that his father was getting.

3. What was the doctrine of lapse?

Ans: The Doctrine of Lapse: According to this, when an Indian ruler dies without having an heir to rule after him, then that state under the policy of annexation(take over) will merge with the British rule. This rule was introduced by Governor-General Lord Dalhousie.

4. Explain the term 'dastak'.
Answer: Dastak, in 18th-century Bengal, a permit exempting European traders, mostly of the British East India Company, from paying customs or transit duties on their private trade.
5. What was the result of the Battle of Buxar?
Ans: The battle resulted in the 1765 Treaty of Allahabad, in which the Mughal Emperor surrendered the sovereignty of Bengal to the British. Lord Robert Clive, the victor at the Plassey, became the first governor of Bengal.
6. What were the motives that led the British to follow an expansion policy in India?
Ans: The policies of the Britain in the eighteenth centuries like imperialism and colonialism drained up the treasury of the Britain. In order to make their rule continue in the Eastern countries, they decided to exploit the resources of those countries by various methods of imperialism, mainly in India and China.
E. Answer in detail.

1. What were the term of the subsidiary alliance?

Ans: 
1) The army trained by the East India Company will be provided to the (ruler of) state that accepts the system.
2) In return, the state will provide for the army or give away provinces (territory) with equivalent income to the British.
3) The state will not wage war or sign treaties with other states without the permission of the British.
4) There will be an English resident (representative) in the court (Assembly) of the state.
5) The state will not employ other foreigners in its service.
-----------------------OR-----------------------
  1. The ruler will not keep an army of his own.
  2. British troops would be stationed permanently in the Indian ruler's territory.
  3. The ruler would have to pay for the maintenance of these troops. The payment could be made in cash or kind, or by ceding a part of the ruler's territory.
  4. It was compulsory for the Indian ruler to house a British resident in his court.
  5. The ruler could not employ any non-British Europeans in his service or dismiss those who were there.
  6. The ruler had to acknowledge the dominion of the British.

2. What were the effects on the Indian rulers who accepted the terms of the 

Subsidiary Alliance and what advantage did it give the British?

Ans: 

Effects on the Indian rulers

  • Indian rulers lost their independence and were completely controlled by the British.
  • Indian states became poor as the payment of the subsidies drained their resources. When the administration collapsed, the British annexed the states. (Example: Awadh)
  • The high cost of maintaining the British army and the constant demands of the resident drained the treasury.
  • With British patronage and protection, the Indian rulers lost interest in the welfare of their own people who suffered great misery and oppression.

Advantages for the British

    • The British acquired valuable territories as subsidiary payment.
    • The Indian rulers maintained large armies for the British.
    • The British indirectly controlled the defense and foreign affairs of the protected ally.
    • They could also overthrow the Indian ruler and annex their territories whenever they wished to.
    • Other European powers had little access to the courts of the Indian rulers and could not influence them.

    3. What were the reason that led to the Battle of Plassey? What was the impact of this battle?
    Ans: 

    The battle of Plassey was fought in 1757 between the British East India Company and Siraj-ud-daulah, the Nawab of Bengal. At the end of the battle, Company won. The main causes of the Battle of Plassey were:

    • The British East India Company wanted to establish a puppet ruler on the throne of Bengal. Knowing about this, Siraj-ud-daulah ordered the Company to not interfere in his matters. But the Company disapproved. Over- interference of the Company became the main cause of the Battle of Plassey.

    • Secondly, when company disagreed, Siraj-ud-daulah marched and was successful in attacking the English factory at Kassim Bazar. When Company in Calcutta got this news, they sent an army under Robert Clive and defeated the Nawab at Plassey.

    This defeat was possible because Mir Jafar, the commander of Siraj-ud-daulah cheated on him and supported the British.

    Impact

    The victory had cost the lives of only twenty-two soldiers on the British side, while achieving a major stride toward British control of Bengal. Losses: Bengal and French East India Company, 1,500 casualties of 50,000; British East India Company, fewer than 100 casualties of 3,000.
    4. write a short note on the dual system of government introduced by Robert Clive.
    Answer: 
    • Robert Clive was the Governor of Bengal during the year 1757-60 and also from 1765-67
    • During his first tenure that is from 1757-1760 Bengal’s governor, under the Nawab Mir Jaffar, corruption was rampant
    • The company’s one and only aim was to maximise the revenue at the expense of the peasants
    • He gathered a great personal fortune in India and returned to Britain in the year 1760
    • He came back to India in the year 1765 as Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Bengal state
    • During this time, there was huge and widespread corruption in the company
    • So Clive prohibited the company’s employees from engaging in any sort of private trade
    • He also put a hold on accepting gifts from them
    • He also initiated a ‘Society of Trade’ in 1765 but it was later abolished
    • Mir Qasim the son in law of Mir Jaffar had ascended the throne of Bengal
    • He wanted to snatch himself from the English influence
    • The Battle of Buxar was fought between the British and the combined forces of Mir Qasim, Shuja Ud Daulah who was the Nawab of Awadh and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. This battle was won by Britishers
    • The result of this battle was, the Diwani that is the right to collect revenue of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha was sanctioned to the British by the Mughal Emperor in return for an annual sum of money and in districts of Allahabad and Kora
    • Robert Clive, who had the power to undertake Awadh as well, refrained from annexing it. His intention was to use it as a ‘buffer’ state between the British and the Marathas
    • The Nizamat considered as the territorial jurisdiction of Bengal and remained with the Nawab but in ground reality, the English had a good hold over this power
    • This was referred to as Clive’s Dual System in which the company was the Diwan and the Nawab held the Nizamat

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